1.Definition of Second language acquisition:

It refers to a systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.

Acquisition习得: 无意识地学会

Learning学习：通过系统学习语法规律等学会

2. Interlanguage 中介语

Selinker (1972) coined the term “interlanguage” to refer to the systematic knowledge of an L2 which is independent of both these learners’ L1 and the target language. The term has come to be used with different but related meanings: (1) to refer to the series of interlocking systems which characterize acquisition. (2) to refer to the system that is observed at a single stage of development. (“interlanguage”), and

(3) to refer to particular L1/L2 combination (for example,L1 French/ L2 English v. L1 Japanese/L2 English). Other terms that refer to the same basic idea are “approximative system” and “transitional competence”.

定义：

中介语：中介语理论假设第二语言学习者有一个自行创造的独特的语言系统，介乎学习者的母语和目的语之间，并随学习的进展逐渐向目的语靠拢。因为游离于母语和目的语之间，中介语自然包含许多错误。

E.g. I lost my road.

I lost my way.

特征：

Fossilization（石化现象）:It refers to the phenomenon that incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.

石化现象是中介语的重要特征

E.g. All students are not here.不是所有的学生都在这里

None of the student is here.所有的学生都不在这里

Fossilization

Selinker (1972) noted that most L2 learners fail to reach target-language competence. That is, they stop learning while their internalized rule system contains rules different from those of target system. This is referred to as “fossilization”. It reflects the operation of various internal processes.

一、Concepts of Second language acquisition:

1．Objectives:

① Competence vs performance

② L1 vs. L2 vs. FL

③ Acquisition vs. learning

④ Input vs. output

⑤ Interlanguage 中介语

⑥ Variability

⑦ Fossilization （石化现象）

⑧ Language transfer 迁移

2. Competence vs. Performance

Chomsky (1957)made his famous distinguish between Competence and Performance

Competence: an ideal speaker’s knowledge of his languages manifested in his ability to use