初中语法——定语从句

定语从句

一、 关系代词的分类

1．用于限制性和非限制性定语从句

指人：who \who(m)；指物：which \whose

2．只用于限制性从句，即指人又指物：that\whose\of which

二、 限制性与非限制性定语从句

1．两类定语从句的区别

限制性不能用逗号与主句分开，它限制所修饰的先行词的意义；非限制性定语从句前面须用逗号与主句分开，它只是先行词的附加说明，省去后不会影响主句的意思。

如：My brother who lives in New York has six children.

我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（可能还有其他兄弟）

My brother, who lives in New York, has six children.

我弟弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。（只有这一个兄弟）

可见，非限制性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”，翻译时通常议成一个句子，其形式往往可用and 替换。

如：I met a boatman ,who (=and he ) took me across the river.

They will fly to Kunming ,where (=and there) they will stay for two or three days.

三、 当先行词指物时，许多情况下即可以用关系代词which，也可以用关系代词that，但下列情况中，只能使用

关系代词that，而不能用which：

1． 当先行词是不定代词：all\ much\ little \something \anything \nothing \none \the ones

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？

You should hand in all that you have.

2． 当先行词前面有only\any\few\little\no\all\very等词修饰时

This is the very book that I’m looking for.

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.

3． 当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级时

This is the best that has been used against pollution.

This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.

4． 当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词

This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.

What is the first American film that you have seen.

5． 当先行词既有人又有物时

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about.

6． 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时

Which is the bike that you lost?

Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

7． 有两个定语从句时，其中的一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that

They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.

8． 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，介词的宾语只能用which（指物）和whom（指人）

1．当介词放在关系代词前面时，介词宾语只能用which或whom，关系代词不能省略。

This is the hero of whom we are proud.

Which is the pen with which I wrote the letter?

2．当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that\which（指物），that\who\whom（指人）作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。

This is the hero that\who\whom we are proud of.

This is the pen that\which I wrote the letter with.

3．“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导定语从句，常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house,in frout of which stood a big tree.

在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。

如：This is the pen which I’m looking for. 不可以说成：This is the pen for which I’m looking.